Background and objectives: Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder affecting the glucose status of the human body. Immune system activation is highly related to type 2 diabetes incidence, progression, adaptive and innate immunity is involved in the inflammation. Vitamin D insufficiency causes insulin resistance as well as glucose intolerance, which are symptoms of significant vitamin D deficiency. Increased inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance are prominent symptoms of this illness. Materials and methods: Serum specimens were taken from 120 people, with 70 patients (35 males and 35 females) with type 2 diabetic individuals and 50 healthy controls (25 males and 25 females) divided into two groups. Patients in the study population ranged from (18-50) years old and were hospitalized at Ballad and Salah Aldeen General Hospitals in Salah Aldeen province from August 2019 to February 2020. Results: Vitamin D levels were considerably reduced in females and male diabetic patients compared to controls, while leptin levels were elevated with ALP levels that were slightly diminished in diabetic males compared to controls but higher in diabetic females. Both C-reactive protein and serum uric acid levels were significantly higher in male and female diabetic patients compared to controls. In addition, these were increased in male diabetic individuals when compared to female diabetic individuals. Conclusion: In type 2 diabetes individuals, severe vitamin D deficiency and increased leptin cause inflammation and complicate bone metabolic illness.

Background: Diabetes mellitus of type II (T2DM) has a link to bone resorption, as seen by the great level of most osteoclastic activity indicators. As a result, the mineral density of bones is not reduced in individuals with noninsulin-managed T2DM, and this type does not seem to contribute to osteoporosis. This study aims to evaluate the bone metabolism biochemical markers in T2DM patients.

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 blood samples were divided into (70) patients (with quite equal numbers of both females and males), and (50) normal cases as controls (also with quite equal numbers of both females and males), the ages were between 30 and 65 years old. During the period between February and August 2020, patients were admitted to Ballad and Salah Aldeen General Hospitals. The samples that were undertaken were (blood sugar, albumin, total calcium, corrected calcium, parathyroid hormone and phosphorus).

Results: In male DM patients, there were high significant differences (P≤0.01) in (blood sugar, parathyroid hormone, total calcium, and corrected calcium), but non-significant differences (P≥0.05) in phosphorus. On contrary, in female DM patients, there was high noticeable difference (P≤0.01) in blood sugar, and a considerable difference (P≤0.05) only in albumin, but non-significant differences (P≥0.05) in parathyroid hormone, total calcium, and corrected calcium.

Conclusion: The current findings concluded that hyperglycemia combined with an insulin deficiency can result in a hypoparathyriod status with PTH downregulation.