5-HT4 receptors are a G-protein-coupled family of re-ceptors coupled with Gs protein that stimulates the pro-duction of the intracellular signaling molecule cAMP. It has two isoforms (5-HT4S and 5-HT4L), differing in the length and sequence of their C-termini[1]. 5-HT4 are present both in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues
in the brain, are found mostly in basal ganglia and the hippocampus[2]. In the periphery, 5HT4 play an important role in the functioning of gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, heart and adrenal gland. Gastrointestinal 5-HT4 receptors potentiate peristalsis, and electrolyte secretion. In the urinary bladder, acti-vation of 5-HT4 receptors modulates cholinergic and purinergic transmission. Stimulation of atrial 5-HT4 receptors produces tachycardia and arrhythmias. In the adrenal gland, activation of 5-HT4 receptors releases cortisol, aldosterone and corticosterone[3]. [...]

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT)is a mo-noamine neurotransmitter involved in regulating and modulating physiological and behavioral processes [1]. Serotonin also plays an important role in the functio-ning of enteric nervous system [2]. [...]

Pain is defined by IASP (International Association for the Study of Pain) as an unpleasant sensorial and emotional feeling which is produced by an actual or potential tissue injury. Chronic pain management is currently a major public health challenge throughout the world, especially for patients with oncologic disorders. Data show that up to 90 percent of cancer patients suffer from pain during the course of their illness and 50-80 percent receive an inadequate pain management. [...]

People have reported themselves differently regarding different species of animals and had different reactions about the animal species. The attention paid to them depends on the role held by them in human life, either as pets or as a method of entertainment, either as research subjects.
Some species enjoy privileges as pets (dogs cats, birds, turtles), others are used to satisfy human native instincts as hunting animals.

Botulinum neurotoxin has been used in the treatment of various groups of cronic neuromuscular diseases, which include neuromuscular junction signaling, non-neuromuscular transmission, cholinergic, or non-cholinergic.
Having specificity on releasing neurotransmitter vesicles with acetylcholine in the synaptic gap, the main usage of botulinum toxin was as a muscle relaxant drug in painful or painless spastic syndromes.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common pathologies in aging men, associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This pathology has a multimodal approach depending on different factors like age, prostate size, prostate-specific antigen level, and severity of the symptoms [1]. Medical treatment is the first option in what patients with low or moderate LUTS are concerned. There are two major drug classes already established in all international treatment guidelines, 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors and alpha-blockers. 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors block the transformation of testosterone in dihydrotestosterone within the prostate, leading to the decrease of prostate volume, increased peak urinary flow rate, improvement of symptoms, decreasing the risk of acute urinary retention. Their main secondary effects are the erectile dysfunction, the decreasing of libido and of the ejaculate volume, and also gynecomastia [2]. Alpha-blockers act on alpha-adrenoceptor sites found particularly at the bladder neck, at the trigone and within the prostate. They have a fast action on the prostate gland, leading quickly to symptom relief, but without reducing the risk of acute retention or surgical treatment. As secondary effects, alpha-blockers can affect blood pressure [3-5].

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease with multiple symptoms and each patient presents a particular clinical and immunological-biological profile. The cause of the disease remains unknown. Lupus erythematosus embraces three clinical forms: chronic, subacute and systemic. Events in the three clinical forms range from skin involvement (chronic form) to serious systemic implications, affecting patient's health and life (as a systemic disease).
The systemic form - systemic lupus erythematosus - has a wide range of immunological abnormalities that cause inflammation in various organs and systems. The inflammation occurs as a result of excessive production of autoantibodies, that are directed against self structures that are no longer recognized. In systemic lupus, cutaneous manifestations are often accompanied by renal, cardiac, osteoarticular, neuropsychiatric disorders.

Prostatic pathology represents one of the most common causes of dermato-urological addressability, because of the varied age interval, but also because of the symptoms that decrease rapidly and visibly the patients’ quality of life. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is represented by increased volume of the prostate, which generates an obstructive and irritative symptomathology in the pelvic urinary tract. The hormonal influence presents a certain contribution in the development and evolution of BPH, by the imbalance occurred between androgens and estrogens, revealed by the significant decrease of the ratio androgens/estrogens hormones and by the inflammatory factors (1,2,3,4).