Introduction: Thyroid diseases have effects on metabolism and inflammation. Adipocytokines have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions on several organs which have a central role in subclinical inflammation of adipose tissue, and obese adipose tissue secretes proinflammatory adipokines such as visfatin, and resistin. Cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune thyroid diseases. Methods: All samples were conducted at Salah Aldeen General Hospital and the specific private clinic in Tikrit which started from November 2022 to February 2023, the study samples included (30) individuals with hyperthyroidism, (30) individuals with hypothyroidism, and (30) healthy individuals with age (18-76) years. Results: Adipokines (resistin and visfatin) and interleukins (IL10 and IL32) were increased in hypo and hyperthyroidism rather than control. Conclusion: The effect of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response of some adipokines and interleukins affect the pathogenesis role in thyroid diseases.

Introduction: The ethmoid air sinus can subdivide into several air cells, which are separated from each other by thin, incomplete bony septa resulting in the formation of three groups of air cells (anterior, middle, and posterior cells). Methods: A randomized sample of 360 human individuals, including 110 cadavers with another 250 CT scan cases, was achieved from February 2020 to November 2021. Results: The agger nasi was the most common type of cell demonstrated by 81.8% in cadaveric cases and 94% in CT cases. The frontal bulla cell presents just above the ethmoidal bulla and may produce convexity on the frontal sinus floor. Its prevalence was 10.9% in cadaveric cases and 22.8% in CT cases. The suprabullar cell is on top of bulla ethmoidalis and represents 7.3% of cadaveric cases and 14.8% of CT cases. Concha bullosa presents as a comprehensive pneumatization in the middle turbinate. Its prevalence was 34.5% in cadaveric cases and 44% in CT cases. The Haller cell reveals as a pneumatized air-filled cell shown at the lower medial side of the orbit. It was in 29% of cadaveric cases and 42% of CT cases. In addition, the sphenoethmoid (Onodi) cell is a posterior ethmoidal cell with a prevalence of 41.8% in cadaveric and 64% in CT cases. Conclusion: This study described the morphologic anatomy of each ethmoid sinus and compared its dimensions by gross anatomy with CT scanning in different age groups. This yields clues to understanding the variations in human races and ethnic groups.

In SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, obesity is a risk factor for the development of respiratory failure. Many pro-inflammatory adipokines and mediators are produced from adipose tissue. Blood samples were collected from 60 COVID-19 patients after three to five days from symptoms and signs were appeared like headache, fatigue, fever, and cough. All patients were diagnosed as positive COVID-19 infection with a pharyngeal swab which is positive by RT-PCR who attended to Isolated Hospital in Tikrit City in Iraq from December 2020 to March 2021 and 30 samples from healthy individuals. Levels of leptin, adiponectin, and insulin were increased in COVID-19 patients with highly significant (P≤0.01) when compared with healthy individuals. Increased levels of leptin, adiponectin, and insulin in COVID-19 patients may occur because all patients were obese with severe respiratory inflammation.

Introduction: The sphenoid sinus is a central skull cavity situated inside the sphenoid bone as a twin structure, separated by a complete bony septum. The aim of the study to measure the length, width, and height of human sphenoid sinus through dissection compared to CT scan images in different age groups of both genders. Methods: A prospective study of 360 human bodies including 110 dissected cadavers and 250 individuals with CT scan images during a period from January 2019 to February 2020. Results: In male cadavers, the mean value of length was (24.8±4.2) and (23.6±3.8) mm for right and left sides, while for females was (24.5±3.7) and (25.3±4.1) mm. Whereas, for CT cases were (25.4±3.1), (27.2±4.1), (21.3±4.2), and (24.4±3.8) mm respectively. Otherwise, the width was (15.8±3.2) and (19.2±4.5) mm for right and left sides in male cadavers; but for females was (18.2±3.8) and (22.7±3.7). In comparison to CT cases, were (19.6±4.1), (20.4±4.7), (17.3±5.2), and (19.2±5.6) mm respectively. In male cadavers, the height was (21.4±3.1) and (26.8±2.8) mm for right and left sides, while for females was (13.8±3.3) and (19.6±3.1) mm. Whereas, for CT cases were (16.7±2.5), (18.2±2.7), (14.6±2.9), and (15.8±3.3) mm respectively. Conclusion: Findings of both methods yield accurate anatomic sinus views, which may determine the age, gender, and race of alive or dead individuals.

The maxillary sinus is an air-filled space, situated in maxillary bones and may be recognized with different shapes and sizes, its walls are obviously thin, and its apex can extend to zygomatic processes of these bones and can occupy most of zygomatic bone. Materials and methods: A prospective study of 330 healthy human individuals who attending to radiology section during the period from December 2018 to October 2019 to do CT scans for maxillary sinuses. Various CT images were taken to calculate the three dimensions of the maxillary sinuses. Results: The mean value for right maxillary human sinus anteroposterior length, width, and height for males were 40.2 ± 4.2mm, 25.2 ± 4.2mm, and 45.0 ± 5.1mm respectively; while for the left was 39.2 ± 3.9mm, 24.5 ± 4.5mm, and 47.2 ± 4.5mm respectively. Whereas, the mean value for right maxillary human sinus length, width, and height in females were 38.7 ± 4.0mm, 24.3 ± 4.0mm, and 42.6 ± 5.0mm respectively; while for the left was 38.3 ± 4.0mm, 23.6 ± 4.2mm, and 44.1 ± 4.7mm respectively. High significant differences (p≤0.05) recorded among age groups for length of both sides of both genders, width in left sinus of both genders, height of right side of both genders, and finally height of left side in females. Conclusion: Maxillary sinus dimensions measured by CT scans revealed a precise recognition of 3D configuration for the sinus that may be useful as a specific identification feature of any human individual.