Pandemic influenza viruses have emerged three times in this century. It is important to examine the potential risk of novel microorganisms/viruses through the add-on research mechanism of Gain of Function Research (GoFR). This mechanism consists of the practice of serial passaging of microorganisms to increase their transmissibility, virulence, immunogenicity, and host tropism through the inclusive feature of selective pressure of culture medium. Although, the GoFR can be a double-edged sword that has the potential to give an insight and better appreciation of current and future pandemics with antecedent apprehension of initiating a pandemic, itself. Moreover, with its inherent potential to give a head start on a virus, GoFR has the potential to develop vaccines or therapeutics, before the virus emerges in its true virulent form. Likewise, the GoFR studies can be vital in research on antivirals and antimicrobial agents and can help inform the development of combination therapies. Passive immunotherapy, which often includes a combination of products, is particularly dependent on GoFR experiments for evaluating efficacy. GoFR if made use of meticulously and with caution could help Medical Sciences and Humankind tremendously.

Despite the advanced technologies, the 12 leads electrocardiogram (ECG) remains an important investigation modality for providing a fast diagnostic of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). This method offers data concerning the presence, extension and severity characterizing the ischemic process (1). The ECG interpretation is still essential during the initial evaluation of patients admitted for ischemia suggestive symptoms (2).
Moreover, being a cheap, non-invasive and accessible technique, ECG continues to represent the gold-standard alternative for the differential diagnostic, for determining the appropriate treatment approach, for selecting patients susceptible of benefiting from reperfusion as well as regarding risk stratification (1).

Renal artery stenosis represents the main cause of secondary hypertension and, due to its progressive profile, leads to end-stage renal disease and important cardiovascular events (1). Despite the large number of trials in this particular field of interest, RAS therapy remains a complex challenge for clinicians with regard to interventional revascularization, eventually resulting in renal function preservation, improved blood pressure control (BP) and prevention of adverse cardiovascular events in selected patients (2).
In fact, the matter of debate is represented by the proper selection of patients which would benefit the most from renal revascularization with stent implantation, while also taking into account the outcomes of the recently emerging large clinical trials that were unable to confirm the clear benefits of endovascular therapy.

Lentigo maligna (LM) is a type of melanocytic proliferation, the term being used by clinicians and pathologists for melanoma in situ on chronically sun damaged skin (1) in case that the lesion is confined to the epidermis. The pathology in question is classified as lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) when it invades the dermis (2), over a protracted period of time (3). They both represent a subtype of malignant melanocytic proliferation according to the World Health Organization criteria (4). Once the dermis is invaded, the prognosis of the lesion is similar to that specific for other types of melanoma (5). Most LM patients display a slowly enlarging pigmented macula or patch which tends to occur in middle aged and older individuals (6), with a slight female preponderance (2).
The preferred method for diagnosing LM is excision (7), secondary to dermatoscopy (8) and biopsy (9). Distinguishing LM from a background of increased melanocytes on chronically sun damaged skin in a small biopsy specimen remains one of the most serious diagnostic challenges for dermatopathologists (10). Histology shows proliferation of atypical melanocytes at the epidermal-dermal junction in small nests or single cells (11).