Background: One of the most frequent endocrine abnormalities and changes in females, especially during the postmenopausal period, is thyroid dysfunction.
Objectives: To assess the prevalence and pattern of thyroid dysfunction among postmenopausal women visiting Baghdad Medical City.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in Baghdad Medical City over two months. A total of 469 postmenopausal women were asked, 63 were interviewed, and 50 were confirmed to have thyroid dysfunction and met our inclusion criteria, whether based on history taking or laboratory results. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics summarized sample characteristics, and the Chi-square test assessed the association between age groups and some sociodemographic variables and thyroid status.
Results: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among postmenopausal women was 10.66%, with hypothyroidism (58%) predominating over hyperthyroidism (42%). Most participants were illiter ate (62%), unemployed (74%), and married (80%). A higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was observed among women with earlier menopause (45–54 years); however, this association did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.60). The majority (68%) experienced natural menopause, while (32%) had surgical menopause.
Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction represents a notable endocrine disorder among postmenopausal women in Baghdad, with hypothyroidism being the predominant form.

Background: Adolescent pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or preeclampsia represent high-risk scenarios with understudied perinatal implications.
Objectives: To evaluate and compare the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia on neonatal and obstetric outcomes among pregnant adolescents in a prospective cohort from Baghdad.
Methods: This 6-year prospective cohort study (2019–2025) enrolled 461 pregnant adolescents (≤19 years) stratified into gestational diabetes (GDM) (n=143), preeclampsia (n=157), and healthy controls (n=161). Outcomes were compared separately: GDM vs controls and preeclampsia vs controls using ANOVA, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression.
Results: Versus controls, preeclampsia showed higher preterm birth (aOR=7.1; 95% CI:3.6–14.2), cesarean delivery (aOR=4.6; 95% CI:2.7–7.9), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (aOR=4.7; 95% CI:2.4–9.3). GDM demonstrated intermediate risks, preterm birth (aOR=3.3; 95% CI:1.6–6.8) and NICU admission (aOR=2.9; 95% CI:1.5–5.8).
Conclusion: Both conditions independently amplify perinatal risks in adolescents, with preeclampsia conferring the most severe outcomes.

Background: With the increasing trends of global culinary boom and food revolution, and since adolescents are one of the most important age groups that intereact actively with new emerging waves, the health impacts of overweight adolescent pregnancy could be an evolving issue. Additionally, prematurity has different risks of disease and fatality in different areas and nations. Objectives: We aimed to measure the prevalence of complications of prematurity in 1000 neonates in Baghdad city born to overweight adolescent mothers and general maternal characteristics. Methods: Data of 1000 premature (case) and full-term (control) neonates were collected from hospital records in Baghdad over 12 years. The mothers of our samples were overweight and adolescents. Results: In premature neonatal group, mean adolescent maternal age was 18.2±1.6 years and mean maternal body mass index was 26.8±4.3 kg/m2. Cesarean delivery was the main mode with 648 women (64.8%) while it appeared significantly less in full-term group (52.6%). In premature group, mean gestational age (weeks) was 33.41±2.76, and mean birth weight (g) was 1426.58±294.12. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was the major neonatal complication (n=786, 78.6%), followed by sepsis (n=199, 19.9%). Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) came after (n=113, 11.3%), then patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) appeared (n=66, 6.6%), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) had the least prevalence rate (n=35, 3.5%). Death affected 47 neonates (4.7%).
Conclusion: As for premature delivery in Baghdad, overweight adolescent pregnant women had higher CS rates compared to normal delivery. Regarding complications of the premature neonates, RDS had the greatest frequency followed by sepsis, IVH, PAD, and NCE, respectively.