Background: Leptin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are the main adipokine products of adipose tissue, leptin is a hormone that controls appetite, while TNF-α acts as a proinflammatory cytokine that can cause Insulin resistance Leptin and TNF-α levels are influenced by body mass index (BMI). Objective: To prove the differences in leptin and TNF-α levels between T2DM patients with and without obesity. Material and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 31 T2DM subjects with obesity and 29 DMT2 subjects without obesity. Leptin and TNF-α levels were measured using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Obesity status was determined based on BMI values where BMI ≥25 kg / m2 was the obesity group and BMI <25 kg / m2 group without obesity. The t-test was used as the comparative test. Results: The median leptin levels in the obese and non-obese T2DM groups were 31.8(7;74.6) ng/mL and 9.2(0.8;36.7) ng/mL. There was a difference in leptin levels between the two groups with p=0.001. The median TNF-α levels in the obese and non-obese DMT2 group were 6.6(2.2;21.2) pg/mL, and 4.4(1.6;15.8) pg/mL. There was a difference in TNF-α levels between the two groups with p=0.007. Conclusion: There are significant differences in leptin and TNF-α levels between T2DM patients with and without obesity, where leptin and TNF-α levels are higher in T2DM patients with obesity than T2DM patients without obesity.

More than 25% of women have complaints related to breast lumps during their lifetime and approximately 12% have breast cancer. Cancer antigen 15-3 and homocysteine can be used as biomarkers in breast cancer. Breast cancer produces pro-inflammatory cytokines that can lead to increased CA 15-3 levels and serum homocysteine levels.
Objective: To investigate the differences in CA 15-3 and homocysteine levels between patients with benign tumors and breast cancer.
Methods: Observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach in 30 benign breast tumor patients and 31 breast cancer patients. Measurement of CA 15-3 levels using enzyme linked immunofluorescent assay (ELFA) and homocysteine using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Comparative tests used independent T test and Mann-Whitney test. The study was conducted in 2023 at Kariadi Hospital Semarang and Ken Saras Hospital Ungaran.
Results: CA 15-3 levels in the benign breast tumor group had a median of 11.74 (2.00-40.00) U/mL, while the breast cancer group was 18.66 (7.22-168.97) U/mL (p = 0.001). Homocysteine levels in benign breast tumors had a median of 3.05 (0.10-11.50) μmol/L and in the breast cancer group was 9.90 (3.70-17.20) μmol/L (p = 0.0001).
Conclusion: CA 15-3 and homocysteine levels were lower in benign breast tumor patients compared with breast cancer patients.