Objective: To study the prevalence of insulin resistance among diabetic patients. To analyze the association between insulin resistance and clinically significant macular edema (CSME) development.
Material and Methods: Single-centre, cross-sectional comparative study on a hospital-based population of diabetic patients. Patients were grouped based on the presence of CSME (group A) and the absence of CSME (group B). Simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association CSME with age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, insulin resistance, body mass index, and lipid profile.
Results: The study cohort comprised 86 patients with type 2 DM, with a mean age of 60+7 years. We included 43 patients in each group A and B respectively. There were 37 patients (86%) in group A, who had diabetes >10 years. In group B, 23 patients (53%) had diabetes >10 years. The mean HbA1c was found to be 8.2+1.3 mmol/mol in group A and 7.6+0.85 mmol/mol in group B (p=0.01).
Increased insulin resistance was present in 74/86 (86 %) of diabetics. Elevated IR of > 3.8 was found in 32/43 patients (74%) of group A and 17/43 (39%) of group B (p= 0.001). None of the patients in group A had normal insulin resistance. The odds ratio for the development of CSME in patients with increased HOMA-IR was found to be >4.
Conclusion: We observed positive association between insulin resistance and development of clinically significant macular edema. The odds for the development of macular edema was greater in uncontrolled diabetics with elevated insulin resistance.

Purpose: To compare the macular and peripapillary RNFL thicknesses of the amblyopic and normal eye in patients with anisometropic amblyopia. Methods: This is a hospital based cross-sectional study for which we studied 36 amblyopic subjects aged between 5 to 16 years in which the amblyopic eye was taken as the case and the unaffected eye was taken as control eye. The inclusion criteria included children having unilateral strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia who underwent macular and RNFL thickness assessment by SD-OCT. Results: Central Macular thickness as well as the thickness of the other macular segments was significantly greater in the affected eye (p<0.001) as compared to the normal eye. The average RNFL thickness was also found to be increased in the affected eye but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.106), however it was statistically significant in quadrantic analysis (p<0.05). The Central Macular thickness showed a negative correlation with the BCVA (r=- 0.252), although it was not statistically significant (p=0.139). Conclusion: A significant increase was found in the macular as well as RNFL thickness in the amblyopic eyes as compared to the normal fellow eye which support the hypothesis of decreased apoptosis of the ganglion cells postnatally.